Economics of Education

Volume XIII Part 4 November 25, 2015 Business Advisor

Economics of Education

B. Yerram Raju

National Education Policy is scheduled for release shortly. The fears of FDI in education are looming large. Already the privatization of education during the last two decades has eroded the values and loaded the backs of children with loads of books. Lower middle class bemoan that qualitative education is unaffordable.

Several private schools even at kindergarten charge a lakh of rupees for admitting a child. The non-public ‘public schools’ charge the fees much above. At the high school and college levels per candidate fees is touching the roof. And there is no guarantee for quality delivery of inputs. Most have teachers less than deserving qualifications.

Government schools and colleges have poor infrastructure and poorer delivery mechanisms. Had all the civil servants, elected representatives chosen to send their wards to the government schools, their plight would be not what they are: with no toilets, no power, no play grounds, and in several of them even no teachers!! Yet, the threat of transfer or other punishments to teachers make them adopt unholy means to assure pass for all their wards.

Banks have no time for customer

What you get instead are hidden costs for supposedly myriad services, most of which don’t seem to exist.

One leading new generation private bank does not disburse cash other than through ATM/debit card withdrawals. Yet it charges Rs.1,000 annually for issue of the debit card, on top of keeping the minimum average balance of Rs.10,000 for a basic savings bank account for a customer.

Why choose such a bank? Because other banks, though with lower minimum balance requirements, are worse when it comes to customer service.

I credited a couple of cheques to my pension account with the SBI drawn on another local PSB branch on November 6. While one of the instruments for Rs.10,000 got credited on the same day, the other for Rs.70,000 was credited only six days later after relentless pursuit. A complaint email gets the standard response: “This is a system generated response. Your complaint takes 48 hours to respond. Please do not reply.”

Capital Infusion in PSBs – Need and the Deed

Capitalization of Public Sector Banks has been incorporated as one of the seven items in ‘Indra Dhanush’, dubbed as part of Banking Sector Reforms.  Before addressing the issue of such capitalization it is important to understand some of the historical developments in banking globally and the way different countries responded to addressing the issue of refurbishing capital in the banks.

As part of the global financial system, Reserve Bank of India made us to believe that banks in India have to fall in line with capital adequacy norms under Basel regulations. Even prior to the embrace of capital regulations of Basel India had CRR and SLR as regulatory instruments to safeguarding the financial stability of banks. 70 percent of the Banks’ assets in India are in the public sector.

A Consensual Agenda for Labour Reforms

‘Creating an ambience where both workers and managements understand their rights and duties is no tall order’.

The Centre is engaged in serious discussions with trade unions over the new labour code, with a view to improving the ease of doing business. But missing from the debate is the issue of the obligations of workers. During the 1960s and 1970s, workers’ education, aided by the government, provided them with the opportunity to know their rights. But the whole campaign was on rights and not obligations. Once rights are conferred on any group, and they become binding, it becomes difficult to reduce or deprive such rights.

Mergers and Acquisitions among Indian Banking?

Banking Sector Reforms Committee in 1998 itself suggested consolidation of banks –the SBI and Associates into a big state-owned bank and five or six such big banks through consolidation of other PSBs, mergers of private banks and even FIs with NBFCs. There were noises of consolidation in the UPA-1 government too. And now, the Working Group on mergers and acquisitions set up by the Union Ministry of Finance again called for a similar action.  The major issues relating to capital, assets and human resources need to be looked at from the points of view of growth, financial stability and global experiences. Chairman SBI Arundhati Bhattacharya recently strongly fielded the arguments for large scale consolidation. Is the Indian financial system ripe for the call?

Ending Debt Cycle Suicides in Telangana

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/ending-the-debtsuicide-cycle-in-telangana/article7671053.ece

The State government can take a leaf out of Kerala’s book and enact a law against usury

Recently, the Telangana Agricultural Advisory Forum, consisting of a few university professors and scientists, deliberated on the causes and consequences of the drought and farmer ‘suicides’ in the State. The unofficial number of suicides attributed to farm families is 1,152.

An inquiry into some of the recent suicides reveals an interesting picture. The farmers were not indebted to cooperative credit societies or commercial banks. The case of a farmer in Nalgonda district is typical. He took on lease ten acres of land, dug five bore wells — none of which hit water — incurring huge private debt in the process. On top of this, he cultivated cotton. The crop failed without water, and the debts pushed him to suicide.

Loan Melas Land Again

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‘Disasters never come singly but in bundles’. This seems to be the position of PSBs in this country at the moment. They are already in the melting pot of nearly Rs. 6lakh crores. Loan melas seem to have come back with a bang – the Mudra Loan melas. It was mid 1970s that Pujari the then Congress Minister started with the loan melas having seen that this is the greatest opportunity to get crowds at no expense of either the party or the government.

It all started when one of the then enthusiastic regional managers of a public sector bank organized such mela at Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh. The Minister was given an elephant ride with the buglers financed under the DRI scheme walking in front to reach the big maidan for distributing agricultural loans, if I recall right in the year 1979. He could see huge crowds in the ground waiting for his honour to arrive. He was amazed for he knew what it meant: loans and votes without the party having to spend for a single vote. Having tasted the meat would the tiger leave it? He ordered such melas throughout the country.  After the banking sector reforms such melas became history. Several of us thought that those dark days would not revisit the financial sector.

Our Decrepit Debt Recovery System

A consolidation of laws and legal processes is called for at the earliest

India’s debt recovery apparatus is an alarming mess. Consider this: we have four Acts, two sets of tribunals, ₹2 trillion worth of debt recovery tribunal (DRT) cases and ₹6 trillion in NPAs. These NPAs are a subject of labyrinthine discussions, appraisals and reappraisals – carried out by the RBI, Finance Ministry and even TV channels. None of all this seems to be getting us anywhere.

To get a fix on the debt problem, we need to understand the tangle of laws dealing with it and the system of courts and tribunals responsible for the implementation of these laws. The four Acts in question are: Sick Industrial Companies Act, 1985 (Act 1 of 1986), Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act (RDDBFA), 1993, The SICA Repeal Act, 2003, Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interests Act (Sarfaesi), 2002.

Apart from Debt Recovery Tribunals we also have the National Company Law Tribunal under Companies Act (Second Amendment) 2002 to settle BIFR cases.